October 13th

Nero succeeds Claudius as Roman Emperor.

Mauritanian President injured. Mauritanian President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was shot at and injured. Oficial reports suggest that he was mistakenly shot by the military.

The 2010 Copiapó mining accident in Copiapó, Chile comes to an end as all 33 miners arrive at the surface after surviving a record 69 days underground.

Egypt's vice president Hosni Mubarak was elected president, one week after Anwar Sadat's assassination.

Ed Sullivan died in New York City at age 72.

Paddington Bear Makes His Debut. The popular children’s literature character first appeared in English author Michael Bond's illustrated book, A Bear Called Paddington. Paddington is a polite Peruvian spectacle bear with a special fondness for marmalade. The success of the first book was followed by 20 more books featuring the lovable bear and a successful toy franchise.

US 1st army begins battle of Aachen, first German city captured during WWII.

Italy declared war on Germany, its former Axis partner, during World War II.

Boston defeated Pittsburgh in the first World Series.

Greenwich in London established as the universal time meridian of longitude.

The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith was founded.

The cornerstone of the White Housewas laid.

The Continental Congress authorized the construction of a naval fleet.

First Spiral Galaxy Discovered. French astronomer, Charles Messier, discovered the Whirlpool Galaxy. Also known as Messier 51a, the galaxy is about 30 million light-years from Earth. A spiral galaxy is a type of galaxy where stars, gasses, and other cosmic dust particles rotate or revolve in a spiral around a central bulge. Astronomers think that the bulge consists of a black hole.

French King Philip IV has Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Knights Templar arrested and charged of idolatry and corruption.